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          图解HTTP：HTTP报文
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        <p>用于 HTTP 协议的交互信息被称为 HTTP 报文。请求端/客户端的叫请求报文，相应端/服务器端的叫响应报文。报文其实就是个字符串。</p>
<h2 id="组成">组成</h2>
<p>报文首部、报文主体（可选）</p>
<p>报文首部组成：</p>
<ul>
<li>请求行
<ul>
<li>请求方法、URI、HTTP 版本</li>
</ul></li>
<li>状态行
<ul>
<li>响应结果的状态码、原因短语、HTTP 版本</li>
</ul></li>
<li>首部字段
<ul>
<li>通用首部（General Heaader Fields）
<ul>
<li>请求报文和响应报文都会使用的首部。</li>
</ul></li>
<li>请求首部（Request Header Fields）
<ul>
<li>发送请求报文使用的首部。补充了请求的附加内容、客户端信息、响应内容相关优先级等信息。</li>
</ul></li>
<li>响应首部（Response Header Fields）
<ul>
<li>返回响应报文时 使用的首部。补充了响应的附加内容，也会要求客户端附加额外的内容信息。</li>
</ul></li>
<li>实体首部（Entity Header Fields）
<ul>
<li>针对请求报文和响应报文的实体部分使用的首部。补充了资源内容更新时间等与实体有关的信息。</li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li>其他（HTTP 协议未定义的其他内容）</li>
</ul>
<p>具体的请求报文与响应报文：</p>
<p><img src="https://gitee.com/bqlin/image-land/raw/master/HTTP_Request.png" /></p>
<p>请求报文组成：</p>
<ul>
<li>请求方法</li>
<li>请求URI</li>
<li>协议版本</li>
<li>可选请求首部字段</li>
<li>内容实体</li>
</ul>
<p><img src="https://gitee.com/bqlin/image-land/raw/master/HTTP_Response.png" /></p>
<p>响应报文组成：</p>
<ul>
<li>协议版本</li>
<li>状态码</li>
<li>解析状态码的原因短语</li>
<li>可选的响应首部字段</li>
<li>实体主体</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="报文主体与实体主体">报文主体与实体主体</h2>
<p>报文（message）：是 HTTP 通信的基本单位，由 8 个组字节流（octet sequence，其中 octet 为 8 个比特）组成，通过 HTTP 通信传输。</p>
<p>实体（entity）：作为请求或响应的有效载荷数据（补充项）被传输，其内容由实体首部和实体主体组成。</p>
<p>通常报文主体等于实体主体，仅当传输中进行编码操作时，实体主体的内容发生变化。</p>
<h2 id="通过编码提升传输速度">通过编码提升传输速度</h2>
<p>HTTP在传输数据时可以原样直接传输，但也可以在传输过程中通过编码提升传输速度。但编码需要计算机来完成，虽然会提升传输速率，但也会因此需要更多的CPU资源。</p>
<h3 id="压缩传输的内容编码">压缩传输的内容编码</h3>
<p>服务器在实体内容上压缩，客户端接收并解压实体。</p>
<p>常用的内容编码：</p>
<ul>
<li>gzip，GUN zip</li>
<li>compress，UNIX系统的标准压缩</li>
<li>deflate，zlib</li>
<li>identity，不进行压缩</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="分割发送的分块传输编码">分割发送的分块传输编码</h3>
<p>把实体内容分块。每一块都会用十六进制来标记块的大小，而实体主体的最后一块会使用“0(CR+LF)”来标记。</p>
<h2 id="多部分对象集合">多部分对象集合</h2>
<p>发送的一份报文主体可含有多类型实体，通常是图片或文本文件等上传时使用。多部份对象集合包含的对象如下：</p>
<ul>
<li>multipart/form-data
<ul>
<li>在 Web 表单文件上传时使用。</li>
</ul></li>
<li>multipaprt/byteranges
<ul>
<li>状态码 206，响应报文包含了多个范围的内容时使用。</li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
<p>iOS中URLSession的uploadTask默认实现只适合PUT方法上传文件，要是要multipart/form-data上传，还需要自己拼接内容实体。</p>
<h2 id="范围请求">范围请求</h2>
<p>应用：断点下载、上传。</p>
<p>用到首部字段Range来指定资源的字节范围。</p>
<h2 id="内容协商">内容协商</h2>
<p>客户端和服务器端就响应的资源内容进行交涉，然后提供给客户端最合适的资源。内容协商会以语言、字符串、编码方式等为基准判断响应的资源。即使用以下首部字段：</p>
<ul>
<li>Accept</li>
<li>Accept-Charset</li>
<li>Accept-Encoding</li>
<li>Accept-Language</li>
<li>Connet-Language</li>
</ul>
<p>协商技术分类：</p>
<ul>
<li>服务器驱动协商（Server-driven Negotiation）
<ul>
<li>以请求的首部字段为参考，在服务端自动处理。</li>
</ul></li>
<li>客户端驱动协商（Agent-driven Negotiation）
<ul>
<li>从浏览器显示的可选项列表中手动选择。</li>
</ul></li>
<li>透明协商（Transparent Negotiation）
<ul>
<li>上面两者的结合体，由各自进行内容协商的一种方法。</li>
</ul></li>
</ul>

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